The Female Athlete Lisa R. Callahan Jo A. Hannafin Monique Sheridan Regular exercise has been shown to decrease the risk for multiple diseases, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, obesity,…

Sports Injuries Riley J. Williams Thomas L. Wickiewicz During the past decade, the importance of regular exercise in the maintenance of good health has been well-established. Consequently, with increasing attention…

Ankle and Foot Pain David S. Levine KEY POINTS A sound understanding of foot and ankle anatomy is essential for establishing the cause of associated pathologies. Understanding the “essential” nature…

Knee Pain Norman A. Johanson Paul Pellicci ANATOMY I. JOINTS There are three articulations in the knee, referred to as compartments. They can be affected separately or together as part…

Osteonecrosis Thomas P. Sculco Paul Lombardi An evaluation of hip pain begins with considering the multiple structure/function relationships that comprise the joint itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures. The…

Elbow Pain Robert N. Hotchkiss The articular anatomy of the elbow is unique because it contains two independent axes of motion in the same synovial pouch. The ulnohumeral joint determines…

Low Back Pain Hallett H. Whitman III Daniel J. Clauw John F. Beary III KEY POINTS Low back pain (LBP) is the second most common condition seen in primary care…

Shoulder Pain Andrew D. Pearle Russell F. Warren KEY POINTS The prevalence of shoulder pathologies varies with age, with instability and superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) lesion common in the…

Autoimmune and Inflammatory Ophthalmic Diseases Sergio Schwartzman C. Michael Samson Scott S. Weissman KEY POINTS There are multiple autoimmune diseases that can affect the eye with different implications. These can…

Neck Pain James C. Farmer David A. Bomback Thomas P. Sculco KEY POINTS Degenerative disease of the cervical spine, or cervical spondylosis, is an age-related process that affects many components…