Anterior Thoracic Approach Morgan N. Chen Samuel C. Overley Sheeraz A. Qureshi Andrew C. Hecht DEFINITION The anterior approach can be used to access the thoracic spine for decompression, deformity…

Posterior Cervical Approach Raj Rao Satyajit V. Marawar ANATOMY Posterior Cervical Musculature The muscles covering the posterior aspect of the cervical spine are arranged in three layers (FIG 1). Superficial…

Anterior Cervical Approaches John Heflin John M. Rhee GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Anterior Approach (Smith-Robinson) The approach chosen depends on a number of factors, including the spinal segments that must be exposed,…

Opening Wedge Thoracoplasty and Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib Insertion for Congenital Scoliosis and Fused Ribs Robert M. Campbell Jr. DEFINITION This procedure lengthens the concave constricted hemithorax through a…

Decompression, Posterolateral, and Interbody Fusion for High-Grade Spondylolisthesis Nanjundappa S. Harshavardhana Dino Colo John P. Dormans DEFINITION Spondylolisthesis is derived from the Greek words (spondylo = spine and olisthesis =…

Hemivertebra Excision Daniel J. Hedequist Michael P. Glotzbecker DEFINITION A hemivertebra is a congenital anomaly of the spine that forms during the 8th to 12th weeks of embryologic development. It…

Growing Rod Instrumentation for Early-Onset Scoliosis Christine M. Goodbody John M. Flynn DEFINITION Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is defined by the diagnosis of scoliosis at or before the age of 5…

Spinal Fusion for Neuromuscular Scoliosis Kirk W. Dabney Freeman Miller DEFINITION Neuromuscular diseases are heterogeneous between and within diseases and are due to a vast number of pathologies involving the…

Pelvic Fixation for Neuromuscular Scoliosis Jaysson T. Brooks Paul D. Sponseller DEFINITION Neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) is a spinal deformity in the coronal plane in patients with abnormal myoneural pathways of…

Anterior Interbody Arthrodesis with Instrumentation for Scoliosis Janay E. Mckie Daniel J. Sucato DEFINITION Thoracic scoliosis and thoracolumbar-lumbar scoliosis are typical curves seen in idiopathic scoliosis and can be treated…