Fig. 8.1 Causes of need for long-term care. The proportions of the top four causes in the Ministry National Livelihood Survey for 2011. The proportion of persons for whom care…

Fig. 12.1 Classification of spinal deformities (Modified from Itoi E.[24] with permission) 12.1.6 Kyphosis and Back Extensor Strength Spinal column is supported and moved with four major muscle groups including…

Fig. 3.1 Roles of collagen enzymatic and nonenzymatic AGEs cross-links. The strength of collagen fibers, aggregation of collagen molecules, is determined by collagen cross-links, which bond adjacent molecules. In an…

Fig. 10.1 Schema of surgical procedure of cancellous bone osteotomy. Complete midsagittal osteotomy from the knee joint surface (small arrow) to the tibial diaphysis was performed using an electrically powered…

Fig. 11.1 Effect of one-leg standing exercise among older women. A one-leg standing exercise (balance exercise: performed for 1 min, 3 sets per day for 6 months) increased the one-leg standing time…

Fig. 1.1 The mouse noninvasive tibia axial loading model. (a) Overview of the experimental design. (b) Loading-related osteogenesis labeled by calcein green on the first day of loading and alizarin…

Fig. 2.1 The mechanism of induction for cancer-induced bone pain. The acidic microenvironment created by activated osteoclast-stimulated nocicepotors, which results in skeletal pain as the mechanism observed for cancer-induced bone…

Fig. 9.1 (a) Changes in BMD of the lumbar spine after 5 years of treatment with alfacalcidol alone (D) or alfacalcidol and elcatonin (D + ECT). Data are presented as the mean + standard error…

  Age AP-BMD L-BMD Mid-BMD FN-BMD TR-BMD WD-BMD Osteophyte score Disc score No. of vertebral fractures Age  −0.218* −0.306** −0.254* −0.327** −0.328** −0.291* −0.027 0.016 0.295** AP-BMD   0.727*** 0.669*** 0.740***…

Fig. 5.1 Schematic representation why small loss in BMD could result in big loss in mechanical strength of the whole bone and why small gain in BMD could contribute to…