Musculoskeletal tumors represent approximately 10% of all orthopedic diagnoses and present potential clinical challenges because of their varying presentations and biologic behavior. They may come noted clinically either through incidental…

Surgical anatomy of the acromioclavicular joint The clavicle and scapula are joined together by ligamentous structures existing in two separate locations, one a diarthrodial acromioclavicular (AC) joint and the other…

The scapula is the bridge between the axial skeleton and arm via the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular (AC) joints and the sternoclavicular articulation. The scapula functions as a semistable, fairly mobile…

Introduction and terminology Shoulder stiffness was first described as a clinical entity in the late 19th century by both Duplay in France and Putnam in the United States. It was…

Introduction The past few decades have seen a rapid shift in our understanding of the anatomy and pathology of the biceps and superior labrum. Today’s clinical and basic science literature…

Pectoralis major tendon tears Anatomy The pectoralis major (PM) arises in a broad triangular sheet as primarily two distinct heads, an upper clavicular head and a lower sternocostal head, that…

Brachial plexus birth palsy Injuries to the brachial plexus that occur during birth are referred to using several different terms in the literature, including “brachial plexus birth palsies” (BPBPs) and…

Throwing exerts great stress on the shoulder. As a result, the shoulder is a common site of pathology and disability in these athletes. Conte et al. reported that shoulder injuries…