Fig. 49.1 Clinical presentation of a sagittal and coronal imbalance Radiological assessment of sagittal balance (Fig. 49.2a, b) is performed using full-length lateral radiography, measuring spinal parameters such as lordosis,…
Fig. 48.1 Evaluation of global sagittal alignment using the spinosacral angle (a) and the SVA/SFD ratio (b). The SSA is defined as the angle between the sacral plate and the…
Cause of index attack Males (%) Females (%) Cause not evident 79.3 88.9 Strain 10.9 4.3 Proved diska 7.6 5.6 Ankylosing spondylitis and neoplasms 0.5 0.6 Direct trauma 0.5 –…
Fig. 32.1 Diagram capturing the progressive loss of stability due to acquired degenerative intervertebral dysfunction (ADIVD) Stage 0: Minimal Dysfunction This is the initial phase of elastic deformation due to…
Fig. 16.1 Posterior view of the L3–L4 zygapophysial joints. (Arrow) straight surface of the right joint, (AC) articular cartilage, (I) inferior articular process L3, (S) superior articular process L4 Fig….
Fig. 18.1 (a) Conventional vs. modified minimally invasive speculum retractor; (b) conventional (bottom left) vs. miniaturized rongeurs; (c) miniaturized speculum retractor in situ; (d) the speculum-counter-retractor system can be docked…
Fig. 34.1 (a) The lateral transforaminal approach for endoscopic surgery. (b) The interlaminar approach for endoscopic surgery The constraints associated with the transforaminal approach motivated development of the full-endoscopic interlaminar…
Fig. 39.1 Gross pathology 12 month follow-up after autologous chondrocyte transplantation in the Canine model. Level L3–L4 was transplanted, level L1–L2 received no treatment and displayed more scar tissue, L2–L3…
Fig. 24.1 Rib used as an inlay or a strut graft Osteotomies A bony fusion between two vertebrae represents an obstacle to allow a good surgical lordosis restoration. The Smith-Petersen…
Fig. 42.1 Anterior retroperitoneal approach to the lumbar spine A total diskectomy is facilitated by mobilizing the disk with interbody distractors and releasing or resecting the posterior annulus and posterior…
