Fig. 8.1 Spino-pelvic alignment in the frontal and sagittal planes Evolution from the quadrupedal to the bipedal posture in primates and humans has been allowed by progressive and very significant…

Fig. 15.1 Skin incision located with K-wire and fluoroscopy. Sequential dilation prior to retractor placement Fig. 15.2 Bilateral placement of the tubular retractor to allow for simultaneous procedure After removing…

Fig. 16.1 Four muscle groups per side that represent spinal nerve distributions from L2–S2 are monitored by EMG. Each electrode is identified by a specific color and must be connected…

Fig. 4.1 (a) Standing sagittal view of a patient with a high grade spondylolisthesis. Notice the flattened buttock (black arrow), flattened lumbar lordosis and the positive overall sagittal balance when…

Fig. 12.1 Sixty-five-year-old female presented with 3 months of low back pain and right L5 radicular symptoms who was treated conservatively and required surgery. (a, b) Anterior–posterior and lateral plain…

Fig. 21.1 Flowchart demonstrating management of concommitant scoliosis and spondylolisthesis In contrast, spondylolisthesis presenting after a spinal fusion for scoliosis, trauma, or other diagnoses may require special consideration because of…

Study Method GI Neuro Infection Implant Pseudoarthrosis Vaille et al. [8] Dual plating 2/40 (8 %) 12/40 (30 %) 5/40 (12 %) 9/40 (23 %) 0 Molinari et al. [7]…

Fig. 11.1 Pedicle screw, rod, and laminar hook construct. (a) The lateral view of the construct. The appearance of the construct at the posterior view (b) and inferior view (c)…

Grade Percentage slip 1 0–25 2 25–50 3 50–75 4 75–100 Fig. 7.1 Meyerding classification. [Reprinted from Meyerding HW. Spondylolisthesis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1932;54:371–377. With permission from American College of…

Grade slip Symptoms present Treatment I/II No Radiographic follow-up I/II Yes Activity modification, bracing; surgery for failed conservative management III/IV No Fusion III/IV Yes Fusion The focus of this chapter…