The aftereffects of Charcot joint disease include joint subluxation or dislocation, loss of bone quality, and osseous malalignment (FIG 1).    As a result of the deformed Charcot foot position, aberrant…

   Arthritis of the ankle can evolve from multiple causes, including, but not limited to, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and posttraumatic conditions. As the condition progresses, it generally leads to increased pain,…

   Arthroscopy of the ankle has become an invaluable tool for evaluating and treating pathology in the ankle joint.    Arthroscopy allows a minimally invasive approach to the structures of the ankle…

   Lateral ligament injuries of the ankle are treated conservatively with good results in most cases. However, several factors may lead to chronic ankle instability with recurring ankle sprains:    Inadequate primary…

   Hallux rigidus refers to degenerative arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint that is characterized by pain, decreased range of motion (ROM), and proliferative osteophyte formation. ANATOMY    The first MTP…

   Freiberg infraction is an osteochondrosis of a lesser metatarsal head, most commonly involving the second metatarsal.    In 1913, Freiberg originally documented six cases and used the term infraction to indicate…

   Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain in adults.    The predominant symptom is pain in the plantar region of the foot when initiating walking.    The cause is…

   Spring ligament failure consists of lengthening or disruption of the spring ligament complex resulting in subluxation at the talonavicular joint.    Spring ligament failure is commonly associated with considerable degeneration of…