Fig. 5.1 Pain severity scales. Various tools have been developed to help patients and clinicians quantify the severity of pain. The following are examples of common pain scales: (a) Wong-Baker…

Fig. 10.1 Exposure of diaphragm through transthoracic approach and mobilization of pedicled rectus abdominis muscle flap in a cadaver (Courtesy and with gratitude to donors of UCLA Donated Body Program)…

Fig. 20.1 Athletic pubalgia: a representation of the important pain generators in AP and the direction of forces they apply to the pubic joint Physical exam in these patients will…

Fig. 26.1 Lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) demonstrated above involves microscopic connections between small peripheral lymphatics and veins in order to allow for an alternate lymphatic drainage pathway. Detail shows close up…

Fig. 12.1 (a) The laparoscopic dissector is placed against the right diaphragm, an electrical burst from the clinical station externally will allow contraction if the phrenic nerve is intact, and…

Fig. 22.1 Targeted muscle reinnervation concepts. (a) In an uninjured limb, the cortical system serves as the control center and initiates voluntary movement. Motor nerves function as an electrical conduit…