Fig. 7.1 Motor pathways, upper motor neuron pathway (the brain and spinal cord), and lower motor neuron pathway in nerve root and peripheral nerve (Source: Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of…

Fig. 11.1 Soda pop can model of postural control. The diaphragm is the body’s major pressure regulator, completely separating the thoracic and abdominal chambers. Together with the superior valve (vocal…

Finding Chiari type 1 Chiari type 2 Caudal dislocation of the medulla Unusual Yes Caudal dislocation into the cervical canal Tonsils Inferior vermis, medulla, fourth ventricle Spina bifida (myelomeningocele) May…

Muscle strength grade Muscle function M0 No active range of motion, no palpable muscle contraction M1 No active range of motion, palpable muscle contraction only M2 Reduced active range of…

Fig. 19.1 Cross sectional anatomy of the leg at mid calf level Fig. 19.2 Cross sectional anatomy of the thigh Fig. 19.3 Anatomy of the peroneal nerve Innervation For our…

Condition kcal/kg/day Adjustment above baseline energy expenditure Grams of protein/kg/day Normal 25 1 1 Mild stress 25–30 1.2 1.2 Moderate stress 30 1.4 1.5 Severe stress 30–35 1.6 2 Burns…

Fig. 23.1 Cellulitis of medial ankle Fig. 23.2 (a, b). Recurrent cellulitis in a patient who had undergone fixation for a tibial plateau fracture. The patient developed osteomyelitis and required…

Neurapraxia (segmental demyelination) Caused by a mild stretch or compression injury that disrupts the myelin sheath at the injury site, resulting in focal demyelination and leaving the axons intact. This…

Fig. 15.1 These images depict the zones of injury in a burn wound: stasis, hyperemia and coagulation Each zone exhibits specific characteristics. The zone of coagulation tends to be the…

Fig. 9.1 Spinal anatomy. (a) Top image: lumbar spine anatomy. (b) Lower image: upper cervical spine anatomy Fig. 9.2 Spinal nerve. (a) Top image: lumbar spine roots exiting below the…