Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in recreational and competitive sporting activities. According to an ongoing study in the United States, an estimated 200,000 ACL reconstructions (ACLRs) are…

Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common procedure, with over 100,000 procedures performed annually in patients who have an active lifestyle and who are unable to continue with…

Introduction This chapter will describe a technique that provides the highest strength known graft for use in revision and high-risk primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), while allowing flexibility for…

Introduction Tibial side fixation of soft tissue grafts has been challenging because the line of pull on the graft in the tibia is parallel to the axis of the tunnel…

Abstract Tibial fixation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction continues to remain the weak link biomechanically with any anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Unlike the early mechanical fit that can be…

Introduction Similar outcomes have been reported after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with either a bone–patellar tendon–bone graft or hamstring tendon graft, with no difference in graft rupture rates between…

Introduction Interference screws are widely used for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, and good clinical results have been reported by several investigators. In addition to conventional metal…

Abstract Essentially, only three methods are currently used for gripping anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts so that they may be fixated to bone: friction, loop or whipstitch (WSP). WSP was…