KEY FACTS • An interdependent system of dynamic, static, and bony restraints is responsible for the maintenance of normal toe alignment and stability. • Given the relatively small size of…

KEY FACTS Hallux Valgus • Hallux valgus is defined principally by the intermetatarsal angle; the distal metatarsal articular angle can also weigh on treatment decisions; the hallux valgus angle is…

KEY FACTS • The most common etiology of ankle arthritis is posttraumatic. • The ankle bears the highest load per surface area of any joint in the body, yet has…

KEY FACTS • Arch height is widely variable in the population. A “low-arched foot” is not necessarily pathologic. • Acquired flatfoot refers to an abnormal loss of the arch with…

KEY FACTS • Heel pain results in 1 million medical visits per year and comprises 1% of all visits to orthopaedic surgeons. • The majority of patients with heel pain…

KEY FACTS • Diabetes mellitus is a multisystem disease resulting from defects in insulin secretion &/or resistance to insulin action, which culminates in systemic hyperglycemia, which can have negative effects,…

KEY FACTS • The foot is a complex “machine” consisting of many bones and joints kept in a fine balance by many extrinsic (leg) and intrinsic (foot) muscles. • Any…

KEY FACTS • A thorough physical examination includes the following components: ○ Inspection ○ Palpation ○ Assessment of motion ○ Strength testing ○ Examination of vascular status ○ Stability assessment…

KEY FACTS • The use of orthotic devices varies in a fairly significant way depending on the training and background of the prescribing practitioner. ○ Various practitioners, including orthopaedic surgeons,…