52 Three-Dimensional Spine Surgery: Clinical Application of 3D Stereo-Tubular Endoscopic Systems Dong Hwa Heo and Jin-Sung Luke Kim 52.1 Introduction Although there have been great advances in biotechnology and the…
24 Direct Lateral Endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Instrumentation Jin-Sung Luke Kim and Choon Keun Park 24.1 Introduction Lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) methods, such as posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF),1,2,3…
46 Video-Assisted Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Instrumentation Keith A. Kerr, Victor Lo, Ashley E. Brown, Alissa Redko, and Daniel H. Kim 46.1 Introduction Anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion was first…
29 Applied Anatomy and Percutaneous Approaches to the Thoracic Spine Gun Choi, Alfonso García, Ketan Deshpande, and Akarawit Asawasaksakul 29.1 History Hans Christian Jacobaeus, a professor of internal medicine in…
14 Tubular Endoscopic Lumbar Laminoforaminotomy and Diskectomy [2] Joachim M. Oertel and Benedikt W. Burkhardt 14.1 Introduction Compression of neural structures in the lumbar spine is frequently caused by disk…
49 Posterior Tubular Endoscopic Cervical Diskectomy Alejandro J. Lopez, Zachary A. Smith, Richard G. Fessler, and Nader S. Dahdaleh 49.1 Introduction While less commonly performed than anterior cervical diskectomy, posterior…
27 Endoscopic Radiofrequency Denervation for Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain Won-Suh Choi and Jin-Sung Luke Kim 27.1 Introduction The lifetime prevalence of low back pain is estimated to be…
42 Endoscopic Transoral Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction James H. Stephen and John Y. K. Lee 42.1 Introduction Surgical access to the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is challenging because of its…
32 Tubular Endoscopic Transpedicular Diskectomy Ricardo B. V. Fontes, Manish Kasliwal, John O’Toole, and Richard G. Fessler 32.1 Introduction Symptomatic thoracic disk herniation (TDH) is a relatively uncommon pathology that…
16 Tubular Endoscopic Lumbar Hemilaminectomy and Foraminotomy Benedikt W. Burkhardt and Joachim M. Oertel 16.1 Introduction Lumbar canal stenosis and lumbar disk herniation may cause claudication or lumbar radiopathy with…
