43 Foramen Magnum Decompression of Chiari Malformation Using Minimally Invasive Tubular Retractors Renée Kennedy, Mohammed Aref, Jetan Badhiwala, Brian Vinh, Saleh Almenawer, and Kesava (Kesh) Reddy 43.1 Clinical Case Example…
20 Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Instrumentation Faheem A. Sandhu 20.1 Introduction In the early 1900s, dorsal lumbar fusion techniques were often unsuccessful. This led Muller to attempt to…
37 Thoracoscopic Approaches to Deformity Correction [1] Leok-Lim Lau and Hee-Kit Wong 37.1 Introduction The thoracoscopic approach represents a physiological approach to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with a single, structural, main…
50 Posterior Tubular Endoscopic Cervical Laminectomy and Foraminotomy Albert P. Wong, Youssef J. Hamade, Zachary A. Smith, Nader S. Dahdaleh, and Richard G. Fessler 50.1 Introduction Cervical spondylosis is a…
12 Transforaminal Epiduroscopic Laser Annuloplasty for Diskogenic Pain Victor Lo, Jongsun Lee, Ashley E. Brown, Alissa Redko, and Daniel H. Kim 12.1 Introduction Low back pain can affect up to…
53 Minimally Invasive Microsurgical Resection of Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Lesions Dragos Catana, Mohammed Aref, Jetan Badhiwala, Brian Vinh, Saleh Almenawer, and Kesava (Kesh) Reddy 53.1 Minimally Invasive Resection of T9–T10…
2 Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Diskectomy: Transforaminal Approach Akarawit Asawasaksakul, Ketan Deshpande, Gun Choi, and Alfonso García 2.1 Introduction Kambin and Sampson in 19861 and Hijikata2 in 1989 performed nonvisualizing nucleotomy…
25 Endoscopic Removal of Intradural Extramedullary Space-Occupying Lesions Shrinivas M. Rohidas 25.1 Introduction The last two decades have seen the emergence of minimalism in spine surgery aimed at preventing approach-related…
28 Video Telescope Operating Monitor for Spine Surgery Doniel Drazin and Adam N. Mamelak 28.1 Introduction A recent advent in operative technology is the “exoscope.” This is a rigid rod…
40 An Endonasal Approach to the Craniocervical Junction Juan Barges Coll, Luis Alberto Ortega-Porcayo, and Gabriel Armando Castillo Velázquez 40.1 Background Several surgical approaches have been used to reach the…
