47 Cervical Laminoforaminotomy with Working Channel Endoscope Gun Choi and Akarawit Asawasaksakul 47.1 Introduction Posterior cervical foraminotomy has been applied extensively in the management of unilateral cervical radiculopathies, either due…
17 Ultrasonic Bone Dissectors in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Shrinivas M. Rohidas 17.1 Introduction In the past two decades, spinal surgery has advanced greatly with the help of operating microscopes,…
45 Endoscopic Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Cord Decompression Shrinivas M. Rohidas 45.1 Introduction Degenerative changes at vertebrae and the intervertebral disks occur due to wear and tear after constant use…
48 Posterior Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Foraminotomy and Diskectomy: Case Presentation and Surgical Technique Chi Heon Kim and Chun Kee Chung 48.1 Case Presentation The patient, a 41-year-old female, presented with…
1 Applied Anatomy and Percutaneous Approaches to the Lumbar Spine Alfonso García, Akarawit Asawasaksakul, and Gun Choi 1.1 Introduction After careful review of the anatomy of the spine in humans…
7 Interlaminar Surgical Approach for Percutaneous Endoscopic Laser Annuloplasty/Nucleoplasty Akarawit Asawasaksakul, Alfonso García, Ketan Deshpande, and Gun Choi 7.1 Introduction Apart from the transforaminal approach for percutaneous endoscopic laser annuloplasty/nucleoplasty,…
43 Foramen Magnum Decompression of Chiari Malformation Using Minimally Invasive Tubular Retractors Renée Kennedy, Mohammed Aref, Jetan Badhiwala, Brian Vinh, Saleh Almenawer, and Kesava (Kesh) Reddy 43.1 Clinical Case Example…
20 Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Instrumentation Faheem A. Sandhu 20.1 Introduction In the early 1900s, dorsal lumbar fusion techniques were often unsuccessful. This led Muller to attempt to…
37 Thoracoscopic Approaches to Deformity Correction [1] Leok-Lim Lau and Hee-Kit Wong 37.1 Introduction The thoracoscopic approach represents a physiological approach to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with a single, structural, main…
50 Posterior Tubular Endoscopic Cervical Laminectomy and Foraminotomy Albert P. Wong, Youssef J. Hamade, Zachary A. Smith, Nader S. Dahdaleh, and Richard G. Fessler 50.1 Introduction Cervical spondylosis is a…