Example 7 shows the highly uncoupled state of increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption that result in a net increase in bone mass. Such a state of remodeling is…

Unless a significant metabolic insult occurs to bone early in life, the peak adult bone mass will exceed the threshold for spontaneous fracture. Noninvasive techniques to measure bone density have…

The exchange of calcium between extracellular fluid and bone can be considered kinetically (see Plate 2-28). Through a slow phase of bone formation and resorption, approximately 1000 mg/day of calcium…

Calcium Requirements. The body regulates few functions with greater fidelity than the concentration of ionized calcium in the extracellular fluid. Although extracellular calcium represents less than 1% of the body’s…

Regardless of its histologic type, connective tissue is made up of two components, cells and extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts (which synthesize collagen), fat cells, fixed macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and…

On gross examination, the synovial surface appears pale pink and shiny. Although some folds can be seen with the naked eye, the characteristic villi that increase the effective surface area…

To make the situation even more complex, aggrecans form aggregates with two other matrix components—hyaluronan and link proteins. This aggregate consists of a variable number of proteoglycan monomers, depending on…

Like members of most families, the collagens share certain similarities but also possess characteristic differences. To date, 28 types of collagen macromolecules have been identified. The most abundant, type I…

In actively growing, or remodeling, trabecular bone, the direction of deposition can be determined by a row of osteoblasts on one border of the trabecula (see Plate 2-23). The deposition…

Cortical bone is remodeled by on the periosteal, endosteal, and haversian canal surfaces. These surfaces are called bone envelopes, or remodeling bays. The periosteal surface is responsible for the growth…