Fig. 1.1 This drawing shows the two major bones of the lower extremity: the tibia and the fibula. It gives an overview of all the different structures located on these…

Fig. 10.1 Compartment illustration. These cross sections at mid-calf level show the four compartments of the leg and their contents. Specifically, the superficial posterior (SP) and deep posterior (DP) compartments….

Because muscle fiber length usually correlates closely with myofibril length, muscle fiber length is used as a marker for excursion potential or velocity. Therefore, muscle fiber length is used to…

Fig. 2.1 The interaction of carbohydrates, triglycerides, and proteins, termed macronutrients, in the metabolic pathway. Note that all macronutrients have the capability to become Acetyl CoA, the common entryway to…

Fig. 9.1 Approximate phases of healing. Acute (0–6 days), sub-acute (3–21 days), and chronic (> 21 days) During the sub-acute phase, growth and regeneration take place primarily through angiogenesis intermixed with…

Fig. 7.1 A 27-year-old football player presenting with left calf pain, clinically diagnosed as grade II injury. a On ultrasound at initial presentation, a hypoechoic area measuring 1.0 × 0.4 cm was noted…

Fig. 6.1 Differential diagnosis of posterior leg pain, weakness, or swelling The goal of this chapter is to provide a functional and practical guide to the physical examination of the…

  Perception of pain Pain tolerance Pain referral Cutaneous and visceral pain Sharp, pricking, burning, and/or cutting sensations Easily or moderately tolerated No pain referral and no secondary hyperalgesia Musculoskeletal…