17 Tibia Orientation and general presentation (Figs 17.1 & 17.2) The proximal epiphysis of the tibia shows the tibial plateau (1). The plateau has two well-marked edges: one lateral (TLR)…

7 Clavicle Orientation and general presentation (Figs 7.1 & 7.2) The clavicle (1) is a sinuous bone located on the anterior aspect of the shoulder girdle. Its anterior face (2)…

18 Fibula Orientation and general presentation (Figs 18.1 & 18.2) The fibula is lateral and posterior to the tibia. The distal epiphysis (1) is flatter than the proximal epiphysis (2)….

6 Ribs (thorax) Orientation and general presentation (Fig. 6.1) The thorax includes 12 pairs of ribs (1–12; left ribs are numbered in Figure 6.1; the ninth, tenth and 11th left…

16 Patella Orientation and general presentation (Figs 16.1 & 16.2) The patella (1) is a sesamoid bone included in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle. It articulates posteriorly with the…

5 Sternum (thorax) Orientation and general presentation (Figs 5.1 & 5.2) The sternum is a flat bone located in the anterior part of the thorax (1). It articulates with the…

3 Jaw Orientation and general presentation (Figs 3.1 & 3.2) The jaw bone (or mandible) results from the fusion of two bony elements, the junction of which is found at…

4 Spine Orientation and general presentation (Fig. 4.1) The spine consists of 33 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral fused into the sacrum, 4 coccygeal fused into…

20 Approximation of centroid and radius The centroid and radius of both a circle and a sphere can be approximated from several points (three for a circle, four for a…

13 Sacrum Orientation and general presentation (Figs 13.1 & 13.2) The sacrum has a triangular shape; its base (1) is oriented proximally, whereas the apex (2) is distal. This bone…