Adrenal Medulla Patricia A. Donohoue NORMAL ADRENAL MEDULLARY DEVELOPMENT AND SECRETIONS Early in embryogenesis, primitive sympathetic nervous system ganglion cells migrate from neural ectoderm, differentiate into pheochromoblasts, and penetrate the…
Adrenal Cortex Patricia A. Donohoue NORMAL ADRENAL DEVELOPMENT AND STEROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS The fetal adrenal cortex develops from coelomic mesothelium in proximity to the developing bipotential gonads. The cortex then…
Thyroid Gland Rubina A. Heptulla NORMAL THYROID DEVELOPMENT AND THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS The thyroid gland first appears in the fourth week of gestation as an epithelial proliferation and invagination of…
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus David W. Cooke Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose and lipid regulation caused by a combination of decreased insulin effectiveness at the cellular…
Type 1 (Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus Leslie P. Plotnick Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is a common, serious disease of children and adolescents. The diagnosis usually is straightforward, but long-term management…
Neuroendocrine Disorders Thomas Moshang Jr. Adda Grimberg Neuroendocrinology, the study of the body’s homeostatic control mechanisms, examines the interactions between the nervous and endocrine systems. Both neurons and endocrine cells…
Childhood Obesity William H. Dietz Childhood obesity has now become the most prevalent nutritional disease of children and adolescents in the United States. Estimates from the 1999–2000 National Health and…
Growth, Growth Hormone, and Pituitary Disorders Leslie P. Plotnick Ryan S. Miller Problems related to growth are commonly observed in pediatric practice. Short stature can be defined as height more…
Puberty and Gonadal Disorders Leslie P. Plotnick Dominique N. Long Because the range of normal onset and progression of puberty is broad and is different in boys and girls, pediatricians…
Parathyroid Glands John L. Kirkland INTRODUCTION The parathyroid glands promote calcium homeostasis through a sensitive and complex self-regulating system. The intricacy and stability of this system are remarkable. Nonetheless, defects…
