Muscle: Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry
Key Points The structure and function of skeletal muscle and its neural recruitment pattern can change rapidly in response to activity level (i.e., plasticity). The smallest functional unit of muscle,…
Biology, Physiology, and Morphology of Bone
Key Points Intramembranous or endochondral ossification generates bone tissue. Bones consist of a dense cortical shell and sponge-like trabecular network. Bone formation depends on metabolically active osteoblasts synthesizing matrix proteins….
Cartilage and Chondrocytes
Key Points Articular cartilage matrix is heterogeneous and contains a core matrisome of key extra-cellular matrix (ECM) proteins, of which the large aggregating proteoglycan aggrecan and collagen types II, IX,…
Biology of the Normal Joint
Key Points Condensation of mesenchymal cells, which differentiate into chondrocytes, results in formation of the cartilage anlagen, which provides the template for the developing skeleton. During development of the synovial…
Salvage Procedures: Knee Arthrodesis, Resection Arthroplasty, Amputation
Salvage Procedures: Knee Arthrodesis, Resection Arthroplasty, Amputation James B. Stiehl, MD, MBA INTRODUCTION Complex problems of the knee such as severe trauma, chronic infection, or failed total joint arthroplasty require…
Soft-Tissue Coverage for Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty
Soft-Tissue Coverage for Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty Kevin A. Raskin, MD Soft-tissue competency is critical toward the success in the surgical management of infected total knee arthroplasty. The unfortunate nature…
Reimplantation After Infection
Reimplantation After Infection Charles S. Carrier, MD Antonia F. Chen, MD, MBA INTRODUCTION Reimplantation during a two-stage exchange arthroplasty performed for periprosthetic-joint infection (PJI) is a pivotal step and can…
Débridement and Implant Retention and Nonsurgical Options for Implant Salvage
Débridement and Implant Retention and Nonsurgical Options for Implant Salvage Darin J. Larson, MD Kevin L. Garvin, MD INTRODUCTION Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been one of the most successful…
Microbes and Antibiotics
Microbes and Antibiotics Sandra B. Nelson, MD Laura K. Certain, MD, PhD MICROBIOLOGY OF PERIPROSTHETIC KNEE INFECTIONS Many bacterial species and some nonbacterial pathogens have been implicated as causes of…
