Developmental anatomy of the shoulder
As our human ancestors evolved to become bipedal, the scapulohumeral complex evolved to comply with the specific demands that arise from an orthograde posture and to facilitate prehension. The inherent…
Hip Disorders
Hip Disorders Matthew D. Milewski Pablo Castañeda • Introduction Many different conditions can affect the hip of the growing child; some occur in childhood and some can be detected at…
Leg Disorders
Leg Disorders Ryan D. Muchow Vishwas R. Talwalkar • Introduction to Leg Deformities Children present with abnormal appearing lower extremities due to a variety of etiologies (Table 13.1) and at…
Examination of the Injured Child
Examination of the Injured Child Anthony I. Riccio Shital N. Parikh • Introduction Although pediatric orthopedic injuries vary widely in severity, one must recall that even a seemingly innocuous musculoskeletal…
Foot and Ankle Deformity
Foot and Ankle Deformity Benjamin Shore Megan E. Johnson • Introduction Foot and ankle concerns are a common cause for evaluation in the pediatric patient. Fortunately, the majority of pediatric…
Pediatric Elbow and Forearm Conditions
Pediatric Elbow and Forearm Conditions Joshua M. Abzug Danielle A. Hogarth Dan A. Zlotolow • Introduction Outside of the hand, the elbow is the most critical joint for the function…
Chest and Shoulder Deformity
Chest and Shoulder Deformity Dennis E. Kramer Derek M. Kelly • Basic Bony Anatomy, Development and Function The pediatric shoulder girdle changes dramatically from the embryological period to adulthood, and…
Limb Alignment and Limb Length Discrepancies
Limb Alignment and Limb Length Discrepancies Christopher A. Iobst Raymond W. Liu • Introduction to Pediatric Limb Deformity Limb deformity is a frequent cause for evaluation in a young child….
Knee Conditions
Knee Conditions Eric W. Edmonds Benton E. Heyworth • Introduction to Pediatric Knee Conditions In the realm of pediatric orthopedics and, in particular, pediatric sports medicine, the knee is by…
Spine and Spinal Conditions
Spine and Spinal Conditions Amy L. McIntosh Bryan Tompkins • Overview Spinal conditions in growing children are varied and include a variety of disorders. These may present with deformity, pain,…
