Overview For a long time, the alignment goal for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was a neutrally aligned limb with orthogonal joint lines to the mechanical axes (mechanical alignment [MA]). This…
The evolution of total knee replacement (TKR) from a novel and unreliable procedure to a highly reliable one is one of the major achievements of modern surgery over the past…
Introduction The female athlete triad (triad) is a medical condition often observed in physically active girls and women. The three interrelated components of the triad are energy availability (EA), menstrual…
Introduction Stress fractures are relatively common overuse injuries occurring in individuals participating in a variety of physical activities. They have been reported to account for up to 20% of all…
Introduction Over the past decade, there has been an increased interest in the topic of physical activity during pregnancy. This is likely due to the increasing number of studies that…
Introduction and Epidemiology Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) was first described by König in 1887 as a possible explanation for the presence of loose bodies within a joint. Initially, he postulated that…
Introduction Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) most commonly affects the young, military, and athletic populations and can be debilitating for active individuals. Typical symptoms include pain, paresthesias, muscle weakness, and…
Introduction Female athletes are more likely to sustain sport-related concussion than male athletes when playing equivalent sports. Studies on middle-school to high-school females demonstrate that female athletes are at a…
Introduction The world of sports has historically been dominated by males and much of our knowledge surrounding athletic injuries originates from our understanding of the male athlete. Data on injuries…
Introduction Shoulder problems in the female athlete occur most commonly in sports that require repetitive or forceful use of the upper extremity. While there is extensive research in male overhead…
