Abstract The courses of the C8 and thoracic medial branch nerves are described in the introduction of Chapter 22 and demonstrated in Chapter 22D . Key Words back pain, diagnostic,…
Abstract Typically, intercostal blockade may be performed with a trajectory view angled superiorly toward the inferior aspect of the intended costal margin, followed by the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral fluoroscopic…
Abstract Vertebral body compression fractures are estimated to occur approximately 700,000 times each year. This presents a significant public health challenge from the standpoints of morbidity, mortality, and health care…
Abstract Thoracic zygapophysial (facet) joint injections are performed by entering the zygapophysial joint at the inferior aspect of the joint. A substantial caudad tilt of the fluoroscope is required to…
Abstract Unlike fluoroscopy, ultrasound guidance has a true “safety view” because ultrasound can be used to image the intercostal space in real time, while avoiding the underlying pleura. In addition,…
Abstract Although thoracic epidural injections are uncommon, they are indicated for radicular symptoms with or without axial pain, resulting from thoracic spine. The transforaminal approach offers medication delivery to specific…
Abstract Thoracic interlaminar epidural steroid injections are indicated more commonly for radiculopathy caused by a disc protrusion or stenosis of the central canal, intervertebral foramen, or lateral recess. These injections…
Abstract This chapter describes strategies to enter the L5-S1 disc, which requires a modified technique, and delineates the “tricks” to approach the L5-S1 disc when the posterior iliac crest makes…
Abstract This chapter describes and demonstrates strategies to utilize anteroposterior (AP) and lateral imaging to optimally drive the needle tip to a lumbar disc’s central target. It also includes additional…
Abstract Spinal cord (SC) stimulation is generally used as a last resort for patients who no longer have other treatment options. Typically, stimulators are used for patients who have undergone…
