Abstract Contrast injected at the C6 level has consistently reached the C7-T1 interspace, which is the commonly accepted location of the stellate ganglion. Ideal injectate spread should extend inferiorly to…
Abstract Spinal cord stimulation was previously used as a “last resort” for patients who no longer had any other treatment options; however, it should be considered sooner in the treatment…
Abstract This chapter describes an extradural oblique technique for efficiently and safely accessing the thoracic disc. As with lumbar discography, the final needle tip target is the geometric center of…
Abstract The courses of the C8 and thoracic medial branch nerves are described in the introduction of Chapter 22 and demonstrated in Chapter 22D . A thoracic medial branch nerve…
Abstract The courses of the C8 and thoracic medial branch nerves are described in the introduction of Chapter 22 and demonstrated in Chapter 22D . Key Words back pain, diagnostic,…
Abstract Typically, intercostal blockade may be performed with a trajectory view angled superiorly toward the inferior aspect of the intended costal margin, followed by the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral fluoroscopic…
Abstract Vertebral body compression fractures are estimated to occur approximately 700,000 times each year. This presents a significant public health challenge from the standpoints of morbidity, mortality, and health care…
Abstract Thoracic zygapophysial (facet) joint injections are performed by entering the zygapophysial joint at the inferior aspect of the joint. A substantial caudad tilt of the fluoroscope is required to…
Abstract Unlike fluoroscopy, ultrasound guidance has a true “safety view” because ultrasound can be used to image the intercostal space in real time, while avoiding the underlying pleura. In addition,…
Abstract Although thoracic epidural injections are uncommon, they are indicated for radicular symptoms with or without axial pain, resulting from thoracic spine. The transforaminal approach offers medication delivery to specific…
