Psychological Aspects of Pain
The evolution of the definition of pain and the influence of the importance of various biopsychosocial factors can be observed through various theories, all of which attempt to provide a…
Commonly Used Medications in Procedures
Local anesthetics, corticosteroids, contrast agents, neurolytic agents, and viscosupplementation are used commonly in pain management procedures. At times, medications to treat adverse reactions are required. As emphasized throughout this text,…
Fundamentals of Procedural Care
Pain procedures are a useful adjunct in managing pain and functional problems. The pain physician, as a diagnostician, can derive valuable information from the results of these procedures and from…
Surgical procedures for recovery of hand function
Summary box 1 The priorities for reconstruction in the hand are: (l) wrist extension and finger flexion; and (2) recovery of sensation below the elbow in the C 6,7 dermatomes….
Clinical examination and diagnosis
Summary box 1 A brachial plexus injury can be defined by four elements, which are analogous to the four dimensions of space: breadth (number of roots involved), length (level), depth…
Reconstructive strategies for recovery of hand function
Summary box 1 The incidence of NBPP has remained relatively stable despite awareness of the problem and improved obstetric techniques. 2 Forearm and hand problems are seen with involvement of…
Outcomes of treatment for adult brachial plexus injuries
Summary box 1 Clean, sharp lacerations of the brachial plexus should be repaired within 72 hours. Blunt transections are best repaired in a delayed fashion. 2 Progressive neurologic deficits may…
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Summary box 1 Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a term that includes several specific diagnoses, including 2 common forms of the syndrome: vascular (arterial and venous) and neurogenic TOS. 2…
Rehabilitation concepts for adult brachial plexus injuries
Summary box 1 Tailor each patient’s rehabilitation program to be as unique as each injury. 2 Distinguish between pre and post-ganglionic injury because there is little chance of spontaneous recovery…
Reconstructive procedures for the upper extremity
Summary box 1 Multidisciplinary approach 2 Reconstructive approach needs to be individualized 3 Thorough discussion with patients is important for realistic expectation and discussions of the risk–benefit ratio 4 Early…
