The Stiff Shoulder
The shoulder is a complex articulation consisting of the glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic joint, and acromioclavicular joint. During normal shoulder elevation, there is a balance of motion between these articulations driven…
Fractures of the Scapula
The scapula is quite important in the functioning of the upper extremity. Lying over the posterior chest wall, it is an integral part of the connection between the upper extremity…
Occupational Shoulder Disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders can be characterized as “work-related diseases.” The World Health Organization (WHO) has described these diseases as multifactorial, with work contributing significantly, although not exclusively, to their causation. The…
Fractures of the Proximal Humerus
Proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) remain challenging to the treating orthopedist in both their initial diagnosis and classification and in their corresponding management. They account for approximately 5% of all fractures,…
Clinical Evaluation of Shoulder Problems
From the first days in medical school, physicians are taught that establishing a correct diagnosis depends on obtaining a meaningful and detailed medical history from the patient. This requires the…
Gross Anatomy of the Shoulder
We are faced with a paradox in shoulder anatomy. Knowledge regarding the details of shoulder anatomy has increased along with knowledge regarding its clinical significance. However, our exposure is decreasing….
Radiographic Evaluation of Shoulder Problems
Radiographic evaluation of the shoulder requires a minimum of two views of the area that are perpendicular to each other. The shoulder is a complicated anatomic unit made up of…
Sepsis of the Shoulder: Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenesis
Shoulder sepsis can have a devastating impact on shoulder function, particularly if diagnosis and treatment are delayed or inadequate. The general principles in the pathogenesis of shoulder sepsis are similar…
Effectiveness Evaluation of the Shoulder
Evaluating the effectiveness of medical treatment is an important component of the healthcare system. Patients and their families, healthcare providers, administrators, and governments and shareholders within the healthcare system need…
Imaging in the Failed Total Knee Arthroplasty
Introduction In the patient with a failed total knee replacement (TKA), imaging modalities represent an integral part of diagnostic evaluation. As joint replacement arthroplasty becomes more common with the aging…
