Lower Limb, Pelvis and Hip
Lower limb survey Bones, muscles and surface landmarks of the left lower limb, from the front Bones of the left lower limb, from the front Muscles of the left lower…
Thigh, Knee and Leg
Thigh Front of the right upper thigh (female) Part of the fascia lata (deep fascia of the thigh, 14) has been removed to display the femoral vessels and nerve and…
Physical Examination of the Shoulder
key words shoulder examination, stability testing, strength testing, test sensitivity, test specificity Introduction The shoulder girdle allows for a large degree of motion in multiple planes, with the glenohumeral…
Physical Examination of the Lumbar Spine and Sacroiliac Joint
Introduction Because of the multifactorial nature of the complaint of low back pain (LBP), patients presenting with LBP necessitate a detailed history and physical examination. Nonspecific or incorrect diagnoses can…
Physical Examination of the Pelvis and Hip
Key words pelvis, hip Introduction The hip joint is one of the more stable joints of the body. The stability stems from the intimacy of the head of the…
Physical Examination of the Knee
Key words Posterior Knee, Lachman Test, Pivot Shift Test, POSTERIOR CRUCIATE TESTING, Posterior Drawer Test, Quadriceps Active Test, Collateral Ligament Tests, Valgus and Varus Stress Tests, Patellofemoral Pain Examination, Patellofemoral…
Examination of the Wrist and Hand
Introduction The physical examination of the hand and wrist can be very rewarding because the majority of the anatomy is readily available to the examiner’s fingertips. One may palpate, stretch,…
Physical Examination of the Foot and Ankle
Introduction This chapter provides a review of foot and ankle anatomy and examination followed by an evidence-based discussion of the major provocative tests employed to diagnose ankle and foot injuries….
Sensory, Motor, and Reflex Examination
Key words Sensory, Motor and Reflex Examination, neurologic examination Introduction The neurologic examination is an integral component of any musculoskeletal assessment. Determining the relative integrity of the neurologic system…
