Musculoskeletal Key

Introduction Anatomic repair and reconstruction of the distal biceps tendon footprint is the treatment of choice among patients who desire a return to full elbow flexion and supination strength after…

Introduction Acromioclavicular (AC) joint and associated coracoclavicular (CC) ligament injuries frequently occur in active individuals when they fall directly onto their shoulder in an adducted position. The Rockwood classification is…

Introduction Superior glenoid labrum tears were initially described by Andrews et al. in 1985 in a series of overhead athletes. This injury was further defined by Snyder et al. 5 years later…

Introduction The complex osteology of the shoulder predisposes it to a variety of pathological states, several of which can be related to impingement of soft tissues between osseous surfaces. Additionally,…

Introduction The subscapularis muscle is the largest and most powerful rotator cuff muscle, accounting for as much as 53% of the force generated around the glenohumeral joint by the rotator…

Introduction Open rotator cuff repair is becoming a less prevalent technique for rotator cuff surgery; nonetheless, clinical situations still arise where this technique may be preferred to arthroscopic repair. These…

Introduction Rotator cuff pathology is commonly encountered in an orthopedic practice and can result in significant pain and dysfunction. The prevalence of rotator cuff tears in the general population is…

Introduction Approximately 18 million Americans report shoulder pain each year, of which a large percentage are attributable to rotator cuff pathology. Tears of the rotator cuff tendon are common in…

Introduction Definition The term multidirectional instability (MDI) was first described by Neer and Foster in their preliminary report in 1980, when they reported the results of open inferior capsular shift…

Introduction Posterior shoulder instability represents an array of disorders, ranging all the way from symptomatic subluxation (symptomatic, excessive translation of the humeral head on the glenoid) to multiple frank dislocation…