Patellofemoral Instability The patellofemoral joint (PFJ) is a highly complex structure, intimately associated with the dynamic muscle activity, including the global and central control of the limb, which is linked…
Introduction The term osteonecrosis was first described by Ahlback et al. in 1968. The original description involved the spontaneous appearance of what was thought to represent focal osteonecrosis of the femoral…
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating condition that can lead to chronic pain, disability, decreased quality of life and inability to perform activities of daily living. Authors have reported that…
Introduction Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a focal, pathological lesion involving subchondral bone and the attached overlying articular cartilage. Importantly, the focal lesion is at subsequent risk for the development of…
Introduction Focal chondral defects ( FCDs ) constitute a common finding, with a reported incidence of 4.2% and 6.2% in the general population in patients younger than 40, resulting in…
The Osteochondral Unit and Biology of Cartilage Repair The function of diarthrodial joints relies on the health and integrity of the osteochondral unit, which encompasses the composite tissue of articular…
Introduction In search of the ideal meniscal substitute, natural and synthetic materials for meniscal replacement have been reported with variable outcomes. Although meniscus allograft transplantation is the only clinically available…
Introduction The role of the meniscus in knee stability and tibiofemoral alignment and its unique ability to turn axial joint loads into hoop stresses have become increasingly understood. With the…
Introduction Meniscal ramp lesions have a reported incidence ranging from 16% to 24% in primary and revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions. There is no consensus on the exact definition…
Introduction Meniscal injury is the most common knee pathological condition encountered in orthopaedic clinics. Although only a few decades ago the menisci were considered a vestigial structure, today we understand…
