5 Posterior Cervical Minimally Invasive Microendoscopic Foraminotomy Albert P. Wong, Tarek Y. El Ahmadieh, Zachary A. Smith, Nader S. Dahdaleh, and Richard G. Fessler Introduction Cervical spondylosis is a…
7 Cervical Disk Arthroplasty Justin W. Miller and Rick C. Sasso Introduction Cervical disk arthroplasty is meant to serve several key purposes. The primary goal is restoration of normal…
PART I: THE BRAIN Introduction to the form and structure At first glance the brain seems to be composed only of the two cerebral hemispheres (Figure 3.1). Although they are…
Introduction The lower limbs are the supporting pillars when we stand. A pillar must have strength and must not collapse under the weight above. The bones, joints and muscles together…
Introduction The forearm and wrist provide the base for the fine skilled movements of the fingers and thumb. Objects and tools must be held in a particular orientation for their…
Framework and support: the connective tissues The overall function of connective tissue is to unite or connect structures in the body, and to give support. Bone is a connective tissue…
Introduction The shoulder forms a foundation from which the whole of the upper limb can move. Acting like the cab of a crane, the shoulder allows the hand to be…
Introduction The trunk is the central axis of the body. The limbs use the trunk as the base on which to move. When the body is upright, the trunk supports…
The anatomical position All movement starts from a posture or position, which must be first defined before proceeding to the changes that follow. A common reference must be used to…
Introduction The motor system moves the arms in skilful activity and the legs in walking, and at the same time controls the background posture of the whole body. The same…
