Bracing and Orthoses
71 Bracing and Orthoses Peter Lewkonia and Charles G. Fisher External immobilization of the spine has been used for centuries to treat spinal conditions from acute trauma to chronic deformity….
Intraoperative Neuromonitoring During Spine Surgery
67 Intraoperative Neuromonitoring During Spine Surgery Vidya M. Bhalodia, Anthony K. Sestokas, and Daniel M. Schwartz Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) is the continuous use of electrophysiologic recording techniques to identify…
Posterior Lumbar Minimally Invasive Surgery
59 Posterior Lumbar Minimally Invasive Surgery Sapan D. Gandhi and D. Greg Anderson Only a small number of patients with low back pain are considered candidates for surgical intervention. Surgical…
Pyogenic Infections of the Spine
49 Pyogenic Infections of the Spine Olga A. Perlmutter and D. Greg Anderson Purulent infections of the spinal column are relatively rare. Risk factors for a purulent spinal infection include…
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
39 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Daniel G. Kang and Ronald A. Lehman Jr. The Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) defines adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) as a lateral curvature of the spine having…
Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Cervical Spine
51 Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Cervical Spine William Ryan Spiker and Alpesh A. Patel Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder that affects many soft tissues and organs…
Thoracoscopy
57 Thoracoscopy Dominick A. Tuason and Daniel J. Sucato Thoracoscopy is the endoscopic technique of gaining access to the intrathoracic cavity using small (~ 1–2 cm) incisions to enable surgical…
Adult Scoliosis
41 Adult Scoliosis Todd J. Albert, Moe R. Lim, Joon Y. Lee, and Conor Regan Adults with scoliosis often have rigid curves with coexistent degenerative disk disease, spinal stenosis, and…
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
40 Neuromuscular Scoliosis Laura E. Gill, Francis H. Shen, and Vincent Arlet Neuromuscular disorders are a group of diseases that affect the normal operation of the pathways that allow the…
Imaging for Back Pain and Spinal Infection
65 Imaging for Back Pain and Spinal Infection Gregory Gebauer, Chadi A. Tannoury, Michael A. Pahl, and D. Greg Anderson Of the advances that have been made in recent years…
