42 Endoscopic Transoral Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction James H. Stephen and John Y. K. Lee 42.1 Introduction Surgical access to the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is challenging because of its…
32 Tubular Endoscopic Transpedicular Diskectomy Ricardo B. V. Fontes, Manish Kasliwal, John O’Toole, and Richard G. Fessler 32.1 Introduction Symptomatic thoracic disk herniation (TDH) is a relatively uncommon pathology that…
16 Tubular Endoscopic Lumbar Hemilaminectomy and Foraminotomy Benedikt W. Burkhardt and Joachim M. Oertel 16.1 Introduction Lumbar canal stenosis and lumbar disk herniation may cause claudication or lumbar radiopathy with…
10 Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Decompression for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Jin Hwa Eum, Sang Kyu Son, Ketan Deshpande, and Alfonso García 10.1 Introduction Traditionally, lumbar stenosis is treated with an open…
34 Tubular Endoscopic Thoracic Decompressive Laminectomy Ryan Khanna and Zachary A. Smith 34.1 Introduction Spinal surgeons are choosing to perform more and more cases using endoscopic instruments due to the…
23 Percutaneous Translaminar and Ipsilateral Facet Fixation Technique Ricardo B. V. Fontes and Richard G. Fessler 23.1 Introduction The pioneering description of the ipsilateral facet fixation technique was made by…
3 Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Diskectomy: Extraforaminal Approach Akarawit Asawasaksakul, Alfonso García, and Gun Choi 3.1 Introduction Extraforaminal disk herniations, or “the hidden zone,” as described by Macnab, extend out from…
13 Tubular Endoscopic Lumbar Laminoforaminotomy and Diskectomy [1] Mick Perez-Cruet and Mengqiao Alan Xi 13.1 Introduction Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approaches to spine decompression were developed with the goal of…
35 Thoracoscopic Decompression and Fixation for Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Junction Lesions Ricky Raj S. Kalra, Meic H. Schmidt, and Rudolf Beisse 35.1 Indications • Anterior reconstruction of unstable fractures of…
6 Surgical Technique for Percutaneous Endoscopic Laser Annuloplasty/Nucleoplasty Akarawit Asawasaksakul and Gun Choi 6.1 Introduction Diskogenic pain is one of the most difficult back pains to distinguish by clinical symptoms….
