25 Endoscopic Removal of Intradural Extramedullary Space-Occupying Lesions Shrinivas M. Rohidas 25.1 Introduction The last two decades have seen the emergence of minimalism in spine surgery aimed at preventing approach-related…
28 Video Telescope Operating Monitor for Spine Surgery Doniel Drazin and Adam N. Mamelak 28.1 Introduction A recent advent in operative technology is the “exoscope.” This is a rigid rod…
40 An Endonasal Approach to the Craniocervical Junction Juan Barges Coll, Luis Alberto Ortega-Porcayo, and Gabriel Armando Castillo Velázquez 40.1 Background Several surgical approaches have been used to reach the…
21 Endoscopic/Percutaneous Lumbar Pedicle Screw Fixation Technique Faheem A. Sandhu, Josh Ryan, and R. Tushar Jha 21.1 Introduction The desire to minimize the surgical morbidity caused by excessive muscle dissection…
51 Endoscopic Approaches to Cervical Tumors, Trauma, and Infection Christopher C. Gillis and John O’Toole 51.1 Introduction As the decreased morbidity of minimal access (minimally invasive surgery, or MIS) approaches…
30 Surgical Techniques in Percutaneous Endoscopic Thoracic Diskectomy Gun Choi, Akarawit Asawasaksakul, and Alfonso García 30.1 Introduction In the era before MRI, symptomatic thoracic disk herniation was a rare condition…
39 Applied Anatomy for Percutaneous Approaches to the Cervical Spine Gun Choi, Alfonso García, Akarawit Asawasaksakul, and Ketan Deshpande 39.1 Introduction To understand the surgical technique of percutaneous endoscopic cervical…
5 Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Diskectomy with Foraminotomy Akarawit Asawasaksakul, Gun Choi, and Alfonso García 5.1 Introduction Herniated nucleus pulposus is one of the most common spine problems in the modern…
31 Posterolateral Endoscopic Thoracic Diskectomy John C. Chiu 31.1 Introduction An effective alternative procedure for treating symptomatic herniated thoracic disks through an endoscope is posterolateral endoscopic thoracic diskectomy (PETD), which…
11 Percutaneous Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Diskectomy and Decompression for Lumbar Degenerative Disease Dong Hwa Heo, Jin Hwa Eum, and Sang Kyu Son 11.1 Introduction Traditionally, spinal endoscopic surgery was performed…
