Effects of Vitamin D on Bone and Skeletal Muscle
Fig. 9.1 (a) Changes in BMD of the lumbar spine after 5 years of treatment with alfacalcidol alone (D) or alfacalcidol and elcatonin (D + ECT). Data are presented as the mean + standard error…
Spondylosis and Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures
Age AP-BMD L-BMD Mid-BMD FN-BMD TR-BMD WD-BMD Osteophyte score Disc score No. of vertebral fractures Age −0.218* −0.306** −0.254* −0.327** −0.328** −0.291* −0.027 0.016 0.295** AP-BMD 0.727*** 0.669*** 0.740***…
Vertebral Strength Changes as Assessed by Finite Element Analysis
Fig. 5.1 Schematic representation why small loss in BMD could result in big loss in mechanical strength of the whole bone and why small gain in BMD could contribute to…
Classification and Etiologic Dissection of Vertebral Segmentation Anomalies
Syndromes/disorders OMIM Gene Acrofacial dysostosisa 263750 Alagille syndrome 118450 JAG1, NOTCH2 Anhalta 601344 Atelosteogenesis III 108721 FLNB Campomelic dysplasia 211970 SOX9 Casamassima-Morton-Nancea 271520 Caudal regressiona 182940 Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasiaa 213980 CHARGE…
Somatic Mutations in Overgrowth Syndromes
Fig. 9.1 Timing and Genetic Consequence of de novo Mutations De novo mutation may occur at any time during embryonic development, ranging from prior to fertilization to after birth. Mutations…
Genetic and Environmental Interaction in Malformation of the Vertebral Column
Fig. 8.1 Radiographs showing (a) a case of SCDO with severe vertebral segmentation anomalies throughout the vertebral column (adapted from [51] with permission from Oxford University Press); and (b) a…
Neurofibromin in Skeletal Development
Fig. 2.1 Bone development cartoon (reprinted from publication title: Transcriptional mechanisms in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 459, with permission…
DMP-1 in Postnatal Bone Development
Fig. 4.1 Schematic structure of DMP1 protein, gene and ARHR mutrations. a Schematic structure of the human DMP1 gene and ARHR mutations. DMP1 is composed of six exons. Because of…
Overview of Next Generation, High-Throughput Molecular Genetic Methods
Fig. 1.1 Microarray SNP genotyping and copy number analysis. a Individual SNP genotypes are determined by the fluorescent color emitted when allele-specific probes (shown in black) are hybridized to the…
The Genetic Architecture of Idiopathic Scoliosis
Fig. 5.1 Patient with idiopathic scoliosis. Curvature of the spine to the right with should imbalance is evident in the picture on the left. Standing postero-anterior spinal radiograph reveals severe…
