Musculoskeletal Key

(7.1) where vj(xyz) are the three dimensional coordinates of the nodes in the finite element mesh, v jd is the corresponding bone density at that node, j = 1,…, number of nodes…

(21.1) (21.2) Three other factors affect the force a muscle functionally produces. First, the interdigitated structure of sarcomeres means that there is a varying degree of overlap between the actin…

Fig. 5.1 Impact test data from Kent et al. [5] illustrating the effect of a pretensioner and load limiter. The total forward motion of the occupant relative to the vehicle…

Fig. 15.1 Human vertebral column showing the line of gravity (Adapted from Ref. [1]) 15.1.2 Vertebrae The vertebra consists of the load bearing anterior body and the posterior arch (Fig….

Direction relative to aircraft Part 23 Part 25 Part 27 and 29 Small airplanes Transport airplanes Rotorcraft Load factor Load factor Load factor Forward 9.0 9.0 16.0 Sideward 1.5 4.0…

Fig. 16.1 Normal lumbar spine 16.1.1 Vertebrae The five lumbar vertebrae are aligned with a prominent convex curvature in the lateral or mid-sagittal plane, otherwise known as lordosis. Lumbar vertebrae…

Fig. 27.1 Frontal crash test configurations in US FMVSS208 (Advanced Airbag Rule) Fig. 27.2 Driver side airbag out-of-position tests in FMVSS208 Fig. 27.3 Passenger side OOP tests in FMVSS208 with…

Fig. 19.1 Schematic illustration of an axial view of cervical spine anatomy, including soft and hard tissues with the potential for generating pain. The articulating intervertebral disc and facet joints…

AIS score Injury severity 1 Minor 2 Moderate 3 Serious 4 Severe 5 Critical 6 Maximal (currently untreatable) The maximum AIS (MAIS) can be used as an AIS measure of…

Fig. 29.1 Gunshot wound to the skull. (a) Entrance wound on exterior of skull (b) exit wound on interior of skull with bevealing Beveling can be found evenly distributed around…