Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 13.1 (a) and (b) Illustration of the skeletal anatomy of the thorax. (a) Anterior (front) view. (b) Posterior (back) view (Reproduced with permission from Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 13th…

where: P, PTest = predicted and experimental values respectively of peak load, M, MTest = predicted and experimental values respectively of mean load, and E, ETest = predicted and experimental values respectively of energy absorption. When…

Fig. 11.1 The number of moderate and severe neck injuries in motor vehicle crashes is at historical lows 11.2 Anatomy The complete spine is a structure composed of 7 cervical,…

Fig. 14.1 Regions and quadrants of the human abdomen The upper abdomen is afforded protection from blunt trauma by the lower rib cage. An additional level of protection is provided…

Fig. 23.1 Lower anchor bars embedded in vehicle seat Fig. 23.2 Tether anchor hardware For US child restraints, most products attach to the lower anchors using a length of webbing…

Fig. 12.1 Anterior (L) and posterior (R) views of bone in the shoulder joint The scapula is located on the posterolateral thoracic wall behind the second through seventh ribs, forming…

Variable Normalizing factor Force Two-thirds root of the ratio of mass of PMHS to reference mass Deflection Cube root of the ratio of mass of PMHS to reference mass Acceleration…

Fig. 8.1 High resolution CT image of a diploic human skull showing inner table, outer table and diploe 8.2 Anatomy From a biomechanical perspective, the human skull bone lies inferior…

  3 year 6 year 10 year Small female Midsize male Large male Head Accel. (Ax, Ay, Az) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Neck Head/C1 (Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx,…

Fig. 1.1 Brain motion due to a blunt impact (Taken from Hardy et al. [5]) Fig. 1.2 Thoracic response to frontal impact. The two solid curves are for responses by…