Fig. 11.1 Pain experience and behavior from a psychological perspective (Linton, 2005) Learning processes are intricate and complicated, and they may occur at physiological, emotional, cognitive, as well as behavioral…
• Smythe (1972): diagnostic criteria from clinical studies Obligatory criteria 1. Subjective aching of 3 months or longer 2. Subjective stiffness of 3 months or longer 3. Local point tenderness 4. Point tenderness in two…
Clinical issues • Has the pain persisted for 3 months or longer despite appropriate interventions and in the absence of progressive disease? • Does the patient report nonanatomical changes in sensation (e.g.,…
Major criteria Minor criteria Localized spontaneous pain Reproduction of spontaneously perceived pain and altered sensations by pressure on the TrP Spontaneous pain or altered sensations in the expected referred area…
Fig. 5.1 The ankle The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the calcaneus bone. It is the largest tendon in the body, and tapping this tendon typically results in…
Nerve Sensory dermatome Muscle and function Deep tendon reflex C3 Anterior and posterior neck Sternocleidomastoid (lateral neck flexion) C4 Shoulder Levator scapula (shrugging) C5 Lateral arm to elbow Deltoid (arm…
Statistical characteristics Validity shown for the target population (injured worker) Excellent inter-rater reliability (stable results from different examiners) High inter-test reliability (stable results over time) Adequacy of content sampling (relevant…
State funds North Dakota Ohio Washington Wyoming State funds and private insurance Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Minnesota Montana New Mexico New York Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania…
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014Robert J. Gatchel and Izabela Z. Schultz (eds.)Handbook of Musculoskeletal Pain and Disability Disorders in the WorkplaceHandbooks in Health, Work, and Disability10.1007/978-1-4939-0612-3_14 14. Disability and Impairment in Medicolegal Settings:…
Degenerative disc Dislocation Fracture Nonspecific lumbar pain Radiculopathy Spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis Stenosis The Cervical Spine Many of the same painful conditions that affect the lumbar spine may also affect the cervical spine,…
