Fig. 10.1 Mitochondrial haplogroup distribution in endurance athletes sprint/power athletes, and controls. *P = 0.032 vs Control, *P = 0.007 vs Control (Modified from Mikami 2011) Interestingly, Okura et al. (2003) reported that m.15497G>A…
Fig. 16.1 Mechanistic model of skeletal muscle function. CC, SEC, and PEC represent contractile component, series elastic component, and parallel elastic component, respectively It has been confirmed that tendon length…
Fig. 26.1 Special apparatus to analyze the ball spin Fig. 26.2 Definition of the angles of elevation Φ and azimuth θ Ball spin rate just after ball release was calculated…
Pressure intensity (mmHg) GRA UNI LOC Muscle belly of gastrocnemius 18 30 30 Ankle 30 30 18 GRA graduated pressure profile, LOC localized pressure profile at the gastrocnemius region,…
Fig. 17.1 Typical examples of fascicle length changes during twitch contractions After a twitch contraction was elicited, maximal-voluntary isometric plantar flexion was performed for six seconds as a conditioning contraction….
Author Theme sport Components Côté et al. (1995a) Coaching model (knowledge) Gymnastics Competition, training, organization, Coach’s personal characteristics, Gymnast’s personal characteristics and level of development, contextual factors Côté et al….
Fig. 8.1 Scheme depicting the two major mechanisms purported to underlie the development of muscle cramps 8.5.1 Central Origin Theory Norris et al. (1957) proposed the central origin theory after…
Fig. 4.1 Tasks involving coordinated movements of the right fingers and the right toes. The fingers and the toes simultaneously flex or extend in Simul-Same and Simul-Opp, whereas finger flexion…
Measure Lower-fit children Higher-fit children Young adults No. of participants 19 (9 females) 19 (10 females) 30 (14 females) Age (years) 10.6 (1.1) 10.4 (0.8) 21.5 (1.1) 20-m shuttle run…
Fig. 7.1 Schematic diagram of possible mechanisms for muscle relaxation. One possible mechanism is shown on the left side: Increases in intracortical inhibition would contribute to decreased cortical excitability in…
