Response to Heat Stress
Fig. 2.1 Theoretical whole-body heat loss (dry + evaporative) responses to rapid increases in metabolic heat production associated with exercise at fixed rates of heat production in the heat (30 °C/86 °F,…
Factors for Exertional Heat Illness
Fig. 3.1 Relationships among variables that influence heat storage and ultimately exertional heat illness (EHI) risk. Activity logistics include time of day, location, and activity programming (e.g., work/rest cycles, duration,…
Aspects of Thermal Tolerance and Exertional Heat Illness Susceptibility
Clinical symptoms (sepsis, septic shock) Reports of EHS cases with clinical symptoms qSOFA: Respiratory rate ≥22/min [1, 3, 8, 13] Altered mentation [1, 3, 8, 13, 16] Systolic blood pressure…
Muscle Cramps
Fig. 6.1 Altered neuromuscular control theory for the pathogenesis of exercise-associated muscle cramps (dashed arrow used for the sole purpose of improving clarity of the “hot and/or humid environmental conditions”…
of Exertional Heat Stroke in Athletics: Interdisciplinary Medical Care
Fig. 9.1 Basic paradigm for the care of exertional heat stroke. (From Belval et al. [9], with permission) Medical professionals in athletic settings are faced with unique challenges for managing…
Heat Illnesses
Characteristics of condition Differential diagnoses Heat syncope Cardiac arrest Exertional heat stroke Heat exhaustion Exercise-associated collapse Definition/pathophysiology Orthostatic dizziness after standing in one place for prolonged time in the heat…
Epidemiology in Rheumatology
Fig. 2.1 Types of variables Continuous variables can exhibit infinite values between the minimum and maximum. For example, WOMAC can take any score from 0 to 2400 mm as in…
Musculoskeletal Syndromes and the Use of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
Test Exam maneuver Positive test Neer test Tester forcibly flexes the sitting patient’s internally rotated arm, while inhibiting scapular movement by pressing down on the clavicle and acromion with the…
Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Fig. 18.1 Avascular necrosis of the left hip in a patient with sickle cell disease (Reprinted with permission from Springer [2]) Acromegaly is characterized by hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) and…
