Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 30.1 (a) A 4-cm skin incision (solid arrow) is made in the lateral abdominal region along the fibers of the external oblique muscle. The level of the L4–L5 disk…

Fig. 35.1 Right-sided paramedian L5–S1 disk herniation with nerve compression amenable to tubular diskectomy (a, b). (c, d) Demonstrate a foraminal herniation that can be addressed through the far lateral…

Fig. 29.1 Illustration demonstrating the trajectory of transpsoas approach (Image reproduced with permission from Medtronic, Inc: Medtronic Sofamor Danek; 2004. This spinal system incorporates technology developed by Gary K. Michelson,…

Fig. 20.1 Lateral radiograph demonstrating defect of the pars interarticularis (arrow) (spondylolysis) Fig. 20.2 Lateral radiograph demonstrating a degenerative spondylolisthesis Fig. 20.3 Flexion-extension lateral radiographs in a patient with chronic…

Fig. 26.1 A 84-year-old obese female in good health. Spontaneous fracture of the L5 vertebra occurred with simply sitting. The patient noted acute onset of bilateral leg pain when sitting…

Fig. 37.1 Photograph of equipment used for MIS procedures. Shown are a series of dilator tubes, used for the muscular dissection over a K wire, and the 18 mm retractor…

Fig. 36.1 Minimally invasive approach. The skin incisions are marked lateral to the projections of the pedicle entry points (a). Opening of the thoracolumbar fascia (b) and muscle-splitting approach (c)…

Fig. 41.1 PDN Ray gave his prosthetic disk nucleus a scientific background. To date, the most often used nucleus replacement is the PDN and PDN-SOLO (Raymedica, Bloomington, USA). The PDN…

Fig. 3.1 (Upper): oblique diagram of an intervertebral disk. The nucleus behaves like a pressurised fluid and is restrained by tensile stresses (T) in the surrounding annulus. Compressive loading (C)…

Fig. 6.1 Basic approaches to genetic studies of complex diseases 6.2 Basic Concept of Genetics 6.2.1 Structure and Function of Genes and Chromosomes The gene is the basic unit of…