Fig. 3.1 (Upper): oblique diagram of an intervertebral disk. The nucleus behaves like a pressurised fluid and is restrained by tensile stresses (T) in the surrounding annulus. Compressive loading (C)…
Fig. 6.1 Basic approaches to genetic studies of complex diseases 6.2 Basic Concept of Genetics 6.2.1 Structure and Function of Genes and Chromosomes The gene is the basic unit of…
Fig. 46.1 PA view of patient with degenerative scoliosis showing severe spondylitic changes from L1 to the sacrum with L2–L3 and L3–L4 being the worst. There is significant lateral listhesis…
Fig. 44.1 First-generation Wallis device Fig. 44.2 Wallis implant Fig. 44.3 UniWallis implant Our indications for our system have evolved over the years. The current principal indications and contraindications of…
Mean age 55 ± 10 year Sex Female n = 16 Male n = 12 Spondylolisthesis Isthmic n = 15 Degenerative n = 13 Meyerding Grade 0 n = 3 Grade I n = 16 Grade II n = 9 TLIF segments L3/4 n = 3 L4/5 n = 12…
Fig. 28.1 Posteroanterior (a) and lateral (b) radiographs demonstrating L5–S1 anterior lumbar interbody fusion with titanium lordotic cage A retrospective study of patients undergoing stand-alone ALIF for degenerative disk disease…
Fig. 22.1 Annular fibers are oriented in a 30° orientation with the endplate (a). This permits a significant torsion prevention potential (arrows) (b). In fact, they are more optimally oriented…
Fig. 15.1 Predicted probabilities and 95 % confidence intervals for internal disk disruption (IDD), facet joint pain (FJP), sacroiliac joint pain (SIJP), and other sources of low back pain (LBP)…
Fig. 13.1 This is a typical graph seen in cost-effectiveness analysis literature comparing incremental costs versus incremental QALYs. The x-axis represents the health benefit in terms of QALYs. The y-axis…
Fig. 54.1 Anatomy of medical research Levels of evidence are defined by the study design and execution, and designs have been variously graded by their potential to eliminate bias [10,…
