Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 2.1 Sagittal spine radiograph showing a plumb line dropped from the dens that intersects the sacrum and falls posterior to the bi-femoral axis showing neutral sagittal balance Sacropelvic Alignment…

Fig. 20.1 Patient was a 23-year-old man who sustained a Type II Hangman’s fracture after a motor vehicle collision. (a, b) Sagittal view CT scans. (c, d) Axial view CT…

1. Neurologic Nerve root injury    Compression    Traction Dural tear Autonomic dysfunction    Retrograde ejaculation Cauda equina syndrome Chronic pain    Peripheral neuropathy secondary to compression 2. Pseudoarthrosis Severe grade spondylolithesis 3. Slip…

Fig. 22.1 (a) Representative lateral radiograph of degenerative spondylolisthesis; (b) AP radiograph of a noninstrumented posterolateral fusion. Arrows demonstrate a cleft in the intertransverse process fusion mass, indicative of a…

Direct nerve root stimulation-L5 Threshold (mA) Normal root threshold 1 First stimulation medial to pedicle 5–13 Lateral exposure and decompression of L5 root 3–8 Discectomy, sacral dome osteotomy 3–8 Reduction…

Fig. 23.1 Radiographs of a 16-year-old female with a 2-year history of chronic low back pain worse in extension. Right (a) and left (b) CT sagittal reconstruction and axial (c)…

Fig. 13.1 PLIF at the L4–5 level. (a) A laminectomy is performed. The interspinous ligament between L4 and L5 spinous processes are removed and the caudal part of the spinous…