Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 2.1 Leg length measurement. Photograph courtesy of James Koepfler Joint Hypermobility Syndrome Joint hypermobility is a condition in which most of the synovial joints move beyond the “normal” limits. It…

Fig. 4.1 Demi-plié in first position demonstrating challenges to proper alignment. a Knee slightly forward of foot in lieu of optimal position with knee centered over second toe. b Further compensation…

Fig. 9.1 Normal apophysis (more parallel to the shaft) is shown along with an avulsion fracture, which is more transverse at the base of the fifth metatarsal in a skeletally immature…

Fig. 11.1 Factors that influence bone health Growth, and subsequently maturation, can be seen in three subtly connected phases: infancy, childhood, and puberty [9]. While all three are equally important, dance…

Fig. 3.1 Examples of Beighton test measures. a Positive Beighton forward bend. b Positive Beighton thumb to forearm. Photographs courtesy of James Koepfler Hypermobile dancers must be educated on the need…

Fig. 7.1 Femoral version as it affects turnout of the feet. a Normal anteversion of the femoral neck, demonstrating relationship to the distal femur (knee) with the foot pointed straight ahead….