Imaging in Pediatric Rheumatology
Fig. 11.1 X-ray of the left hand showing periarticular soft tissue swelling of the proximal inter-phalangeal joints (arrow) in a case of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) X-rays however have low…
Common Orthopedic Problems in Children
Fig. 16.1 (a) Jack’s windup test. (b) Arch restoration on passive dorsiflexion of the big toe. (c) Arches reformed on heel rise and heels swing into normal varus Standing on…
Childhood Central Nervous System Vasculitis
Fig. 40.1 Diagnostic evaluation of a child with suspected inflammatory brain disease. Abbreviations: CVID common variable immunodeficiency, HLH hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, HES hypereosinophilic syndrome, vWF von Willebrand factor antigen, LAC lupus…
Childhood Sarcoidosis
Fig. 46.1 Boggy synovitis of both knees in child with early-onset sarcoidosis Fig. 46.2 Skin rash in a child with sarcoidosis following etanercept treatment Introduction Sarcoidosis is challenging both to…
Management of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Name Etanercept Infliximab Adalimumab Chemical content Fully humanized Mouse chimeric Fully humanized Chemical structure P-75 soluble TNF receptor protein fused to human Fc region of human IgG1 Chimeric IgG1 Anti-TNF…
Joint Hypermobility and Pain Syndromes in Children
Fig. 45.1 Hypermobility at the 5th metacarpophalangeal joint Fig. 45.2 Hypermobility of the thumb showing the thumb touching the volar aspect of the forearm Fig. 45.3 Hypermobile knee with marked…
Clinical Case Vignettes: Arthritis in Children
Fig. 23.1 Chest X-ray of patient S in case vignette 2 showing bilateral nonhomogenous opacities (arrows) Rheumatological disorders rarely present to emergency. Systemic JIA and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are…
Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, and Overlap Syndromes in Children
Mixed connective tissue disorder Clinical signs of at least two of the following diseases: 1. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 2. Systemic lupus erythematosus 3. Juvenile dermatomyositis 4. Systemic scleroderma Positive serological findings 1. High titer of…
Juvenile Spondyloarthropathies
Arthritis and enthesitis Or Arthritis and enthesitis, or arthritis or enthesitis with at least two of the following Presence of or a history of sacroiliac joint tenderness and/or inflammatory lumbosacral…
Clinical Examination of the Child with a Rheumatic Disease
Life-threatening conditions Malignancy (leukaemia, lymphoma, bone tumour) Sepsis (septic arthritis, osteomyelitis) Non-accidental injury Joint pain with minimal or no swelling Hypermobility syndromes Orthopaedic syndromes (e.g. Osgood–Schlatter disease, Perthes’ disease) Idiopathic…
