(1) VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA 4.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovium and…
Fig. 4.1 AP axial radiograph of the left clavicle demonstrates a comminuted fracture with associated rib fractures and a moderate-sized pneumothorax (arrows) The standard AP view of the clavicle is…
Fig. 9.1 The intra-articular disk ligament (Held by forceps), costoclavicular ligament (Figure B arrowhead), capsular ligament (Figure B arrow), and interclavicular ligament lend integrity to the sternoclavicular joint Mechanism of…
Fig. 3.1 Direct force mechanism for posterior SC dislocation Indirect Force Indirect force injuries are much more common with the energy force directed to the lateral aspect of the clavicle…
Fig. 6.1 Case 1, Upright anteroposterior (a) and 45° cephalic tilt (b) views showing a midshaft clavicle fracture Patients should have upright radiographs obtained within the first 2 weeks. Even…
Fig. 14.1 (a) Radiograph of displaced midshaft clavicle fracture . (b) Prominence of medial fragment underneath the skin Nonunion Clavicle fractures nonunions were traditionally considered to be rare, with prevalence…
Fig. 2.1 Left clavicle, boney anatomy, and muscle attachments viewed from superiorly and inferiorly The larger medial curvature allows more space for passage of neurovascular structures from the neck into…
Fig. 1.1 Illustration depicting the bony anatomy of the clavicle, with anterior and posterior views showing both articular ends and the important muscle and ligament attachments along its length. (Borrowed…
Fig. 8.1 Indirect mechanism of an AC separation. A force is applied through the arm during a fall, causing the proximal humerus to be driven superiorly into the acromion Iatrogenic…
Fig. 7.1 Zanca view : beam directed with 10° of cephalic tilt providing excellent visualization of AC joint Fig. 7.2 Quesana view : beam pointed 45° superior and 45° inferiorly…
