Back Pain and Sagittal Alignment
14Back Pain and Sagittal Alignment Pedro Berjano ■ Introduction Every degenerative case is a deformity case too. In the past, degenerative conditions in the lumbosacral spine were attributed to nerve…
Imaging in Back Pain
4Imaging in Back Pain Alberto Zerbi ■ Introduction Aging, trauma, infections, tumors, and degenerative diseases can all cause low back pain (LBP). Hip arthritis, sacroiliac joint pathologies, and visceral pathologies…
Neurologic Back Pain: Myopathies, Neuromuscular Disease, Parkinson, and Dystonia
7Neurologic Back Pain: Myopathies, Neuromuscular Disease, Parkinson, and Dystonia Asdrubal Falavigna and Carlo Domênico Marrone ■ Introduction The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)1 defines pain as a…
Biology, Mechanics, and Genetics of the Disk: State of the Art
6Biology, Mechanics, and Genetics of the Disk: State of the Art Mauro Alini, Sibylle Grad, Hans-Joachim Wilke, Fabio Galbusera, and Alessandra Colombini ■ Introduction The human spine has a challenging…
Back Pain in Children and Adolescents
8Back Pain in Children and Adolescents Katherine M. Schroeder, Erica E. Gonzalez, and John P. Dormans ■ Introduction Historically, back pain in children and adolescents was considered rare and often…
Chronic Back Pain, Failed Surgery, and What to Do When All Options Are Exhausted
16Chronic Back Pain, Failed Surgery, and What to Do When All Options Are Exhausted Lawrence G. Lenke ■ Introduction Despite the recognition of spine surgery as a unique discipline combining…
Myth and Reality of Sacroiliac Joint Pathology
5Myth and Reality of Sacroiliac Joint Pathology Kristen E. Jones and David W. Polly, Jr. ■ Introduction Sacroiliac (SI) joint dysfunction is a significant source of disability that is an…
Decision Making and Flag Systems
2Decision Making and Flag Systems Gustavo Zanoli ■ Introduction Back pain has become a standard indication for a broad group of conditions in the biomedical literature, as if it were…
Outcome Evaluation in Back Pain Patients
12Outcome Evaluation in Back Pain Patients Martin H. Pham, Andre M. Jakoi, Neil N. Patel, and Jeffrey C. Wang ■ Introduction Back pain is among the most frequently encountered problems…
Conservative Treatment: Drugs, Physiotherapy, and Alternative Medicine
11Conservative Treatment: Drugs, Physiotherapy, and Alternative Medicine Christopher C. Ornelas and Mona Zall ■ Introduction Low back pain (LBP) has a high prevalence in the adult and geriatric population. Up…
