Overview of Multiple Sclerosis
2 Overview of Multiple Sclerosis Alexander D. Rae-Grant and Robert J. Fox KEY POINTS FOR CLINICIANS • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a continuously active disease with subclinical lesions occurring 5 to…
Epidemiology and Natural History of Multiple Sclerosis
224 Epidemiology and Natural History of Multiple Sclerosis Marcus W. Koch KEY POINTS FOR CLINICIANS • The incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) varies between different geographical regions and ethnicities….
Radiological Diagnostics
The standard radiological diagnostics of acetabulum fractures include conventional X-rays including an anteroposterior (AP) view of the hip; the whole pelvis (pelvic AP view); and oblique views according to Judet…
Approaches
Historical Development Historically, open reduction and internal fixation of displaced acetabular fractures was performed using a few standard approaches: Kocher-Langenbeck approach Ilioinguinal approach Extended iliofemoral approach Several modifications were developed…
Special Screws and Views
Intraoperatively, the gold standard to analyze the results of reduction and fixation during acetabular fracture fixation is fluoroscopic X-ray views. Despite the ongoing discussion, if Judet views are still necessary…
Both-Column Fractures
Fracture Characteristics Definition Both-column fractures are complete articular fractures and are characterized as having no part of the articular surface connected to the axial skeleton (floating acetabulum). Both-column fractures are…
Posterior Wall Fractures
Fracture Characteristics Definition A posterior wall fracture is a partially articular fracture, characterized by a fracture of the posterior acetabular joint surface, without involvement of the entire posterior column. Posterior…
Anterior Column Fractures
Fracture Characteristics Definition Anterior column fractures are partially articular fractures, characterized by a fracture line typically starting at the inferior pubic ramus extending cranially up to the iliac fossa, often…
Associated Anterior Column Plus Posterior Hemitransverse Fractures
Fracture Characteristics Definition Associated anterior column/wall plus posterior hemitransverse fractures are partially articular fractures with a transverse fracture component, characterized by an anterior segmental fracture (wall) or a separation of…
Pure Transverse Fractures
Fracture Characteristics Definition Pure transverse fractures are partially articular fractures with a transverse fracture component, characterized by a horizontal fracture line dividing the acetabulum into an upper (ilium) and a…
