Fig. 12.1 Overview of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Glycolysis is utilized by all tissues for the catabolism of glucose to provide energy in the form of ATP. Pyruvate dehydrogenase irreversibly…
Glycemic control HbA1C GA Excellent (HbA1C≤6 %, GA≤18 %) 307 (57.1 %) 152 (28.3 %) Good (6 %<HbA1C≤7 %, 18 %<GA≤21 %) 128 (23.7 %) 106 (19.7 %) Good (7 %<HbA1C≤8 %, 21 %<GA≤24 %) 65 (12.1 %) 84 (15.6 %) Poor (8 %<HbA1C, 24 %<GA) 38 (7.1 %)…
Fig. 8.1 Diabetes and bone-generated hormone interaction via osteoblast/osteocyte impairment. Several factors associated with diabetes impair osteoblast/osteocyte differentiation and function where FGF23 and osteocalcin were generated. AGEs advanced glycation end…
Fig. 14.1 Schematic representation of the leptin’s effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle Recent studies have extended our understanding of the role of leptin in obesity and…
Fig. 11.1 Glucose uptake in the leg during a cycling exercise in type 2 diabetic patients and healthy controls (Modified from Martin et al. [3]) Muscle contraction also improves whole-body…
Fig. 16.1 Interaction between sarcopenia and diabetes. Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is the most important link between sarcopenia and diabetes. Sarcopenia and obesity appear to have additive effects on…
Fig. 19.1 Intradialytic exercise program (i.e., exercise during dialysis sessions). a Aerobic exercise using a recumbent cycle ergometer. b Strength training using ankle weights Exercise professionals often need to be…
Fig. 18.1 Exercise therapy application criteria for patients with diabetes; after careful medical check, exercise prescription on the type, time, intensity, and frequency must be ordered according to the degree…
Fig. 5.1 Effects of the AGE-RAGE axis on osteoblasts 5.5 AGE-RAGE Axis and Osteoclasts There is some controversy about the pathological role of AGEs in osteoclast function in osteoporosis. Miyata…
