Musculoskeletal Key

Paget disease of bone is a localized skeletal disorder that is characterized by an increased number of osteoclasts that are large in size and contain multiple nuclei. These osteoclasts exhibit…

The most severe form of osteopetrosis is the congenital malignant form, which is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. Children usually present with recurrent infections and episodes of hypocalcemia, small…

Management of EDS disorders is directed at preventative care and supportive therapy. In general, individuals with EDS should not participate in contact sports or heavy exercise. Non–weight-bearing exercise is encouraged,…

The birth prevalence of the EDS is about 1 in 5000 births, although this is likely an underestimate, particularly of milder forms. One commonly used classification recognizes six EDS types…

The clinical management for persons with MFS requires multidisciplinary care. Evaluations by multiple specialists are recommended once a diagnosis is made, including detailed evaluations by an ophthalmologist, cardiologist, orthopedist, and…

The prevalence of MFS is about 1 : 5,000 to 1 : 10,000 persons, with no enrichment in particular ethnic or racial groups or by gender. It is caused by…

Few cases of OI due to mutations in genes coding for proteins that modify or chaperone newly synthesized intracellular type I collagen are described to date. Thus far, most affected…

Overall, OI occurs with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 15,000 to 20,000 births. Cases due to mutations of the CO1A1 or COL1A2 genes occur in an autosomal dominant manner;…

EVALUATION FOR SECONDARY OSTEOPOROSIS Evaluation of patients requires attention to possible secondary causes for low bone mass. Individuals with low bone mass may have diseases or take medications that may…

Hip Pads and Other Assistive Devices. Hip protectors have been shown to prevent hip fractures in compliant subjects at significant risk of falling. An observational study in nursing homes using…