39 Applied Anatomy for Percutaneous Approaches to the Cervical Spine Gun Choi, Alfonso García, Akarawit Asawasaksakul, and Ketan Deshpande 39.1 Introduction To understand the surgical technique of percutaneous endoscopic cervical…
5 Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Diskectomy with Foraminotomy Akarawit Asawasaksakul, Gun Choi, and Alfonso García 5.1 Introduction Herniated nucleus pulposus is one of the most common spine problems in the modern…
31 Posterolateral Endoscopic Thoracic Diskectomy John C. Chiu 31.1 Introduction An effective alternative procedure for treating symptomatic herniated thoracic disks through an endoscope is posterolateral endoscopic thoracic diskectomy (PETD), which…
11 Percutaneous Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Diskectomy and Decompression for Lumbar Degenerative Disease Dong Hwa Heo, Jin Hwa Eum, and Sang Kyu Son 11.1 Introduction Traditionally, spinal endoscopic surgery was performed…
18 Minimally Invasive Tubular Decompression for Foraminal Stenosis Jung-Woo Hur and Jin-Sung Luke Kim 18.1 Introduction Radiculopathy is most commonly caused by nerve root canal stenosis, which can be the…
36 Endoscopic Approaches to Thoracic Tumors, Trauma, and Infection Christopher C. Gillis and John O’Toole 36.1 Introduction A variety of surgical approaches have been proposed and implemented in the treatment…
15 Tubular Lumbar Decompressive Laminectomy and Foraminotomy Mengqiao Alan Xi and Mick Perez-Cruet 15.1 Introduction Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the leading causes of low back pain, leg pain,…
52 Three-Dimensional Spine Surgery: Clinical Application of 3D Stereo-Tubular Endoscopic Systems Dong Hwa Heo and Jin-Sung Luke Kim 52.1 Introduction Although there have been great advances in biotechnology and the…
24 Direct Lateral Endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Instrumentation Jin-Sung Luke Kim and Choon Keun Park 24.1 Introduction Lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) methods, such as posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF),1,2,3…
46 Video-Assisted Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Instrumentation Keith A. Kerr, Victor Lo, Ashley E. Brown, Alissa Redko, and Daniel H. Kim 46.1 Introduction Anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion was first…
