Musculoskeletal Key

Paralympic Classification: An Editorial on the Importance of Classification and Role of Health Care Professionals

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Paralympic Classification: An Editorial on the Importance of Classification and Role of Health Care Professionals

Introduction According to the World Health Organization, there are currently about 1.3 billion individuals with a disability, making up about 16% of the global population. As health care professionals (HCP),…

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Bone Health and Energy Availability in Adaptive Athletes

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Bone Health and Energy Availability in Adaptive Athletes

Adaptive athletes are a high performing yet medically complex group, facing unique challenges related to bone health and energy availability. Bone health is fundamental to athletic performance, injury prevention, and…

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Models and Methods Addressing Inclusion and Access to Adaptive Sports

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Models and Methods Addressing Inclusion and Access to Adaptive Sports

Adaptive sports offer significant physical and psychological benefits, reducing the risk of chronic illnesses like cardiovascular disease and diabetes while enhancing life satisfaction and independence. However, only 46% to 49%…

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Periodic Health Evaluations in the Adaptive Athlete

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Periodic Health Evaluations in the Adaptive Athlete

The periodic health evaluation (PHE) is a tool used to assess, monitor, and identify barriers to safe participation in sport. Currently, there are no standards associated with the PHE in…

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Mental Health in Adaptive and Para Athletes

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Mental Health in Adaptive and Para Athletes

Adaptive and para athletes’ mental health and well-being are an essential aspect of their care. These athletes deal with unique factors including lack of accessible facilities and accommodations, cost and…

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Current Concepts for Nerve-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Current Concepts for Nerve-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

This article reviews nerve-based surgical approaches for treating upper-limb spasticity, focusing on their anatomic targets and functional outcomes. Central procedures, like selective dorsal rhizotomy and contralateral C7 transfer, reduce tone…

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Current Concepts to Muscle-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Current Concepts to Muscle-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

Muscle-based procedures have been the mainstay of surgical treatment of spastic upper limb deformities, in particular when muscle contractures are a main contributor to the deformity. The type of muscle-based…

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Current Concepts to Muscle-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Current Concepts to Muscle-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity

Spastic forearm, wrist, and hand deformities in isolation or collectively can markedly hinder function and/or provide challenges with hygiene. When muscle contracture is the main contributor to the spastic deformity,…

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Emerging Role of Cryoneurolysis in Spasticity Management

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Emerging Role of Cryoneurolysis in Spasticity Management

Cryoneurolysis is a minimally invasive procedure, guided by ultrasound and electrical stimulation, that uses controlled freezing to manage spasticity by inducing reversible axonotmesis. It has shown promising outcomes in adult…

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Relationship Between Spinal Reflexes and Spastic Movement Disorders

Jul 12, 2026 by drzezo in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION Comments Off on Relationship Between Spinal Reflexes and Spastic Movement Disorders

The central nervous system (CNS) generates various motor functions, in part by modulating the excitability of spinal reflex pathways. When a reflex becomes not modulable or its modulation becomes impaired…

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